Which term was coined in the 19th century to describe prejudice against Jews?

• A. Islamophobia
• B. Xenophobia
• C. Anti-Semitism
• D. Racism

Answer: (C)

Prejudice directed at Jews is called anti-Semitism. This term was coined in the 19th century to describe hostility toward Jews as a group, distinguishing it from other forms of bias. It was popularized by Wilhelm Marr, who used it to frame anti-Jewish sentiment as a distinct phenomenon tied to race and ethnicity rather than just religion. The other terms describe different targets or forms of prejudice: Islamophobia targets Muslims or Islam; xenophobia is fear or dislike of strangers or foreigners in general; racism refers to beliefs and discrimination based on perceived racial differences and can encompass many groups but does not specify Jews. Anti-Semitism specifically names prejudice against Jews, which is why it’s the correct term in this context.