Which doctrine states that nations should conduct foreign affairs independently without foreign involvement?

• A. Multilateralism
• B. Internationalism
• C. Unilateralism
• D. Supranationalism

Answer: (C)

Unilateralism is the approach where a country conducts its foreign policy on its own, making decisions and acting independently without seeking the involvement or approval of other nations or international bodies. This emphasis on sovereignty means actions are taken single-handedly, even if that means bypassing coalitions or global institutions. In contrast, multilateralism means coordinating with many other countries through alliances and international organizations; internationalism highlights broader global cooperation; and supranationalism involves transferring some decision-making power to a higher authority within a regional or international body. So the doctrine described—conducting foreign affairs independently without foreign involvement—fits unilateralism.