Nationalism can have both positive and negative effects. Which statement best describes this?

• A. It always leads to improved international trade.
• B. It eliminates cultural differences.
• C. It guarantees peaceful relations.
• D. It can promote social cohesion while also risking exclusion or conflict.

Answer: (D)

Nationalism can create a strong sense of belonging that unites people, making them feel part of something bigger and motivating collective action, social cohesion, and support for shared goals. But it can also draw tight boundaries around who belongs, highlighting differences and excluding or stigmatizing others. That combination—unity inside the group paired with potential exclusion or conflict with outsiders—captures why nationalism can be both positive and negative. For example, a shared national identity can strengthen cooperation and resilience, yet nationalist rhetoric can fuel discrimination or lead to clashes with other groups or nations. The other statements miss essential realities: nationalism does not guarantee better trade, it does not erase cultural differences, and it does not ensure peaceful relations.